0 What are managed networks and Unified communications?

The basic concept behind MPLS is that of labeling packets. In a traditional routed IP network, each router makes an independent forwarding decision for each packet based solely on the packet's network-layer header. Thus, every time a packet arrives at a router, the router has to "think through" where to send the packet next
The key thing to remember about MPLS is that it's a technique, not a service -- so it can be used to deliver anything from IP VPNs to Metro Ethernet services, or even to provision optical services. So although carriers build MPLS backbones, the services that users buy may not be called MPLS. They could be called anything from IP VPN to Metro Ethernet -- or whatever the carriers' marketing departments dream up next.
With MPLS, the first time the packet enters a network, it's assigned to a specific forwarding equivalence class (FEC), indicated by appending a short bit sequence (the label) to the packet. Each router in the network has a table indicating how to handle packets of a specific FEC type, so once the packet has entered the network, routers don't need to perform header analysis. Instead, subsequent routers use the label as an index into a table that provides them with a new FEC for that packet.
This gives the MPLS network the ability to handle packets with particular characteristics (such as coming from particular ports or carrying traffic of particular application types) in a consistent fashion. Packets carrying real-time traffic, such as voice or video, can easily be mapped to low-latency routes across the network -- something that's challenging with conventional routing. The key architectural point with all this is that the labels provide a way to "attach" additional information to each packet -- information above and beyond what the routers previously had.
UC allows an individual to send a message on one medium and receive the same communication on another medium. For example, one can receive a voicemail message and choose to access it through e-mail or a cell phone. If the sender is online according to the presence information and currently accepts calls, the response can be sent immediately through text chat or video call. Otherwise, it may be sent as a non real-time message that can be accessed through a variety of media
<a"href=http://www.alwayson.co.uk/">Unified communications (UC) is the integration of real-time communication services such IM (chat), presence information, telephony (including IP telephony),video conferencing, data sharing ,call control and speech recognition with non-real-time communication services such as unified messaging (integrated voicemail, e-mail, SMS and fax). UC is not a single product, but a set of products that provides a consistent unified user interface and user experience across multiple devices and media types.[1]
In its broadest sense UC can encompass all forms of communications that are exchanged via the medium of the TCP/IP network to include other forms of communications such as Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) and Digital Signage Communications as they become an integrated part of the network communications deployment and may be directed as one to one communications or broadcast communications from one to many.



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0 The advantages of of glass insulators use

There are some materials, such as paper and glass, are the very best insulators. All of them are superb for insulation of cables and electrical wiring and also, used as a whippy covering on them.High- voltage power lines usually use only air, because steady and firm coverings are not practical. Insulator - it's such device for electrical and mechanical connection betwixt of electrical device's parts, that is under different electrical potentials. Insulator consists ofdetails of its bending (fittings) and dielectric (that is insulator itself). Sizes and construction of insulators are defined with the help of conditions of its exploitation and electrical voltage of installations, mechanic loads. High voltage glass insulators of open sub-distributing devices and power lines of electrical stations and substations open for influenceof atmospheric condensations, but they are especially dangerous while strong pollutions of the environment and air.In order to increase voltage in such insulators flashover ( electrical discharge on surface) outer surface gets more difficult shape,it helps to make the way of discharge more longer. Glass insulators are created from unique strained glass, besides, they have high mechanic durability, and their weight and size is more less than other insulators made of porcelain. They have only one disadvantage, there is a small electric resistance. Glass insulators value is that they definedby the voltage of electric field (kV/m), with which material of the insulator losses its dielectric qualities, give enough electric durability, also, they have plenty decent mechanic durability, that's why it allows the possibleness to resist to dynamic efforts, which arise between separate current-conducting parts during short closing in a circuit, they provide permanence of their qualities under the influence of environment (snow, rain and etc), they have enough heat resisting, it means they donot alter their electrical qualities in time when temperature changes in certainlimits, their surface is steady for the effect of electric charge. Glass insulators for sale and installation is not the only one where they can be used, on occasion they can be used in collecting as very popular objects. They can have different shapes, sizes, prices and colours. They are resplendent for display and have priceless historic interest.There are some materials, such as paper and glass, are the very best insulators. All of them are superb for insulation of cables and electrical wiring and also, used as a whippy covering on them.High- voltage power lines usually use only air, because steady and firm coverings are not practical. Insulator - it's such device for electrical and mechanical connection betwixt of electrical device's parts, that is under different electrical potentials. Insulator consists ofdetails of its bending (fittings) and dielectric (that is insulator itself).There are some materials, such as paper and glass, are the very best insulators. All of them are superb for insulation of cables and electrical wiring and also, used as a whippy covering on them.High- voltage power lines usually use only air, because steady and firm coverings are not practical. Insulator - it's such device for electrical and mechanical connection betwixt of electrical device's parts, that is under different electrical potentials. Insulator consists ofdetails of its bending (fittings) and dielectric (that is insulator itself).


High voltage glass insulators of power lines and open sub-distributing devices of substations and electrical stations open for workof atmospheric condensations, but they are especially dangerous while substantial pollutions of air and the environment. Glass insulators are made of specialized strained glass, besides, they have high mechanic durability, and their weight and size is more less than other insulators made of porcelain. Glass insulators value is that they definedby the voltage of electric field (kV/m), with which material of the insulator losses its dielectric qualities, supply enough electric durability. Glass insulators for sale and installation is not the only one where they can be used, even they can be used in in very popular collecting.